by Karen Lea Smiley
In Georgia, the duty owed to an individual
injured on someone else’s property is determined by the legal status of that
injured individual. The legal status can
either be one of “invitee,” “licensee,” or “trespasser.” Under O.C.G.A §51-3-2, the owner or
proprietor of the premises is liable only for willful or wanton injury to a
licensee, whereas he owes an invitee the duty to exercise ordinary care in
keeping the premises safe.
To determine whether an injured party is an “invitee”
or a mere “licensee,” the nature of his relationship or contact with the owner
or occupier of the premises must be determined. The test used to make this
determination is ‘whether the injured person at the time of the injury had present
business relations with the owner of the premises which would render his
presence of mutual aid to both, or whether his presence on the premises was for
his own convenience.” Armstrong v. Sundance Entertainment, 179 Ga. App.
635, 347 S.E.2d 292 (1986).
The Georgia Court of Appeals has utilized
this test to determine the relationship of visitors to various facilities,
including nursing homes. In one
instance, the Court of Appeals used this test to determine whether an
individual visiting a family member in prison was an invitee or a licensee. In that instance, the court learned that the
prison used visitation rights as a tool to influence prisoner behavior, and
used the ability to have or not have visitors as a privilege and not a right. The court found that visitation between
inmates and their visitors benefited both the visitor and the prison creating a
mutual benefit. Thus, the visitor was
considered to be an invitee and the higher standard applied whereby the prison
was deemed to owe the visitor the duty to exercise ordinary care in keeping the
premises safe. Freeman v. Eichholz,
308 Ga.App 18, 705 S.E.2d 919 (2011).
In a nursing home, residents are authorized
to have visitors. In virtually all cases the ability to have visitors is a
right belonging to the resident, and not a privilege which can be taken away or
used as an incentive. Although it could be argued that visits from friends and
families have a positive effect on the resident which may benefit the nursing
home, when applying the test ascribed above the more likely result is a finding
that the visitor, is in fact, a licensee.
Visitors come to the nursing
home to visit the resident. The visit is not, in most instances, a
business exchange with the nursing home, and typically does not result in a
benefit to the nursing home. In fact,
the daily access of visitors to residents of the nursing home may be seen as
creating an additional burden upon the nursing home, which must conduct its
business with the residents around the guests and visitors. In most guest scenarios, the guest’s presence
at the nursing home is not for the mutual benefit of the guest and the nursing
home. Rather, it is for the benefit of
the guest and the resident. As such, nursing home residents should, in most
circumstances, be considered to be licensees for purposes of determining the
duty owed to them by the nursing home.
There are some factual scenarios, however,
where the analysis might result in a determination that the nursing home
visitor is an invitee. For example, in Jones v. Monroe Nursing Home,
149 Ga.App 582 (1979), an 8 year old girl went to the nursing home with her
mother, who was an employee. The Court
of Appeals held that the nursing home did get some economic benefit from the
girl’s presence at the nursing home and, as such, she was determined to be an
invitee. In that case, the mother would
not have been able to work had she not been able to bring her child to the
nursing home. In addition, at the time
she was injured, the girl was running an errand for a resident (going to the
resident’s room to obtain paper and pen) which otherwise would have been run by
a nursing home employee. Although the Court of Appeals did not hold that the
girl was in fact an invitee, it held that there was sufficient evidence that a
jury could find her status was elevated from licensee to invitee based upon
these facts. The actual determination of her status was a question of fact left
to the jury for determination. In support of the determination that guests at a
nursing home are licensees and not invitees, the Court of Appeals has also
analyzed the status of a guest visiting a hospice resident and affirmatively
held that the plaintiff was a social guest of the resident, and that as a
social guest her status was that of a licensee.
Davis v. Scott, 232 Ga. App. 493, 502 S.E.2d
332 (1998).
Unfortunately, the matter
is complicated by an old Court of Appeals decision wherein the legal status of
a guest of a hospital patient was analyzed.
In Candler General Hospital, Inc. v. Purvis, 123 Ga. App. 334,
181 S.E.2d 77 (1971), the Court of Appeals held that the mutuality of interest
required to make a guest an invitee does not require a commercial business
transaction. The Purvis Court
held that “the visitor is an invitee if the enterprise is mutual, each lawfully
interested therein or there being a common interest or mutual advantage
involved… When a hospital provides a viewing window for the display of new-born
babies, encourages relatives and friends to visit the sick and disabled, there
is created an issue as to whether or not these” visitors are invitees.
The answer to the
question of whether a guest of a nursing home resident is an invitee or a
licensee is not a black and white one, but rather depends on a review and
evaluation of the specific factual circumstances. Did the guest offer some mutual benefit to
the nursing home? Did the nursing home encourage or otherwise “invite” the
guest to the facility? Once these factual circumstances have been explored, the
nursing home can better understand whether the guest in question was an invitee
or a licensee, and with that knowledge it will glean the appropriate standard
of care to be applied.